In the Country of Men Course Notes Essay

Thorough and insightful understanding of the ideas, characters and themes constructed and presented in the text. Complex discussion and critical analysis of the structures, features and conventions used to conduct meaning. Complex analysis of the ways in which social, historical and/or cultural values are embodied in the text. Construction of a sophisticated interpretation, which demonstrates an understand of ways in which the text is open to different interpretation by different readers. Considered selection of significant textual evidence and highly appropriate use of relevant metalanguage. Highly expressive, fluent and coherent writing. Hisham Matar Born NY 1970 Returned to Libya as a 3yo Father a diplomat Accused of opposition of Gadhafi’s revolution In 1979 family escaped to Egypt Father kidnapped by Egyptian security in Cairo and handed over in Libya Never heard of again – 2 letters in 1996. Matar biographical details Personal experiences provide a real link to the events of the novel Father of young Libyan captured by security forces and detained for his opposition to a regime which he claims oppresses freedom This novel is NOT a biography, rather a reflection of his own experiences, particularly his relationship with his mother. Matar’s messages uses his own experiences, or memory of these, to illustrate ideas about family and, to a lesser extent oppression. Where is Libya, North of Africa, surrounded by Egypt, Sudan, Chad, Algeria. Near Turkey and Iran. The Problems with Libya Libya was often occupied during its history – Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans all colonised Libya in ancient times – archaeological sites still there 7th century Arabs introduced Islam religion and culture early 20th century Italy colonised Libya after an agreement with British and French to carve up north Africa Italian influence still strong in Libya – evidence in text – Signor II Calzoni, Faraj reads and swears in Italian Post WWII Libya divided up between French and British Given independence by them in 1951 King Idris 1 ruled 1951 onwards Oil discoveries in 1959 made Libya a very strategically important and potentially wealthy country GADDAFI 1969 Muammar el Gaddafi (Qaddafi), a military officer, headed a military coup against the autocratic King Idris – popular uprising Gaddafi known as The Leader Of The Revolution or The Guide Erratic Ruler, became more and more autocratic himself Strange man Formed in the 1980s – Amazonian guards – personal bodyguards – all women Gaddafi claimed that they would be the perfect guards because Arab gunmen would not fire at women Many claimed that the guards were an example of his eccentric showmanship and that he enjoyed being surrounded by beautiful young women He always travelled surrounded by the Guard Women were very well trained in martial arts and were apparently hand picked by Gadhafi himself They had to take a vow of chastity After he was deposed, many claimed they had been raped by him Shades of 1984 Living in Libya, under Gadhafi Most industries and media were controlled by state Most aspects of peoples lives controlled Telephones tapped, sometimes tapper intrudes on conversations ITCOM Easily identified secret police roam the streets watching people ITCOM Extensive surveillance systems – 20-30% of people worked in surveillance for the Revolutionary committees which oversaw and infiltrated every part of Libyan Society. They are able to walk into people’s homes and look for evidence of ‘disloyalty’ ITCOM Press was silenced University students silenced Public excecutions of ‘enemies’ of state, often televised ITCOM People lived in fear of being accused of crimes against the revolution Gadhafi had dissidents living overseas assassinated. His power is evident not just in Libya but also in Egypt where the Matar family escape to, but Gadhafi’s supporters in Egypt capture the father and hand him over to Gadhafi’s regime. Libya was known as a pariah state for many years – one which acts in a brutal way against its own citizens Libya often shunned by other countries because of active promotion of, and sanctuary given to, terrorist groups. Big Brother Cult of personality built around Gadhafi (Recall 1984) Referred to himself as The Guide of Libya, rather than the leader. Called himself a socialist, an Arabist, an African and a Muslim at various times in his rule. He changed according to which way the political wind was blowing and his actions were always about maintaining power. Libya Mainly a Muslim nation. People called to daily prayers from loudspeakers in mosques. Drinking and eating of prok prohibited. Often women are required to cover up in public. Like all religions, followers range from strictly observant to those who are Muslim in name only. Suleiman’s mother drinks when father is away but doesn’t go out when she drinks because alcohol is prohibited (ITCOM) Alcohol is prohibited by both the Koran and the legal system. Arranged marriages (ITCOM) blood feuds, arguments common, particularly in underdeveloped areas What ideas are these covers trying to convey? Cover 3 bleak, dark, tree represents shelter mulberry tree, tree of knowledge. Storm clouds suggest bad luck is coming etc. again the contrast  looks very western Cover 4. Plain white and blue almost white and blue collar shirts, the smart and the dumb, the rich and the poor. and the boy being in the middle almost a shadow, not 100% there. Red the colour of anti revolutionary. How are the colour font and other visual aspects used to convey meaning here? The white colour reflects the hotness of Libya and the shadow of the boy reflect that he’s not entirely there, the colour use of red is anti revolutionary, symbolic of blood. Why do you think that the author chose the title IN THE COUNTRY OF MEN for this book? Muslim way of life, women are almost lesser important, symbolizes no freedom or mention of women at all, almost symbolizes the WWI as WWI was for men only and women didn’t fight at all. What questions are raised about concepts of country, manhood and humanity? The country of men means its really a man dominant country, there is no such thing as a woman almost. Very sexist society How does the title tie in with the themes of the novel and the position of the characters as they struggle in their environment? How does the author use contrasting imagery in the opening passage to set the tone of the book? How does the image of people seeking mercy from the heat reflect the broader condition of the characters? HOLIDAY HOMEWORK How is betrayal shown to be a strong force in the lives of the characters in the country of men? In the country of men suggests that people cannot avoid brutality in a country under a dictatorship. Discuss. What forms of imprisonment are depicted in the novel? How do the characters experience and react to a lack of freedom? Through the mothers alcohol, women are imprisoned by men, in the country of men, means no voice for women. What can we infer about the lives of women in Libya during the time period represented in the story? They are in a mans world with no control. Throughout the novel, Suleiman refers to his mothers alcoholism as her ‘illness’. How accurate is this observation? Do you feel it is a reflection of Suleiman’s naivety in youth or a kind of wisdom about her actual condition? In the Country of Men Themes Narrative voice The novel is written in first person narration, largely through the eyes of 9 year old Suleiman, but with comments at times from him as an adult. Much of it is internal monologue, one of the reasons that matar created Suleiman as an only child. As he had no one to talk to he internalises his experiences, hence making for a more reflective novel. The child-like commentary allows for readers to understand things that Suleiman does not: for example, Mama’s ‘medicine’ and her ‘illness’. Names Names and naming are important in the text. Interestingly, Suleiman’s name can be traced back to Suleiman the Magnificent, the emperor of the Ottoman Empire in the sixteenth century who expanded the empire significantly and instigated enormous social and cultural developments. He is also known as â€Å"Slooma† a family name which is appropriated by Sharief and ‘habibi’ by his mother which means â€Å"my darling† â€Å"beloved† or â€Å"baby† (Innocence) SETTING The setting of Lepcis Magma is used symbolically as a fallen civilization, an example of how every society will one day decay and die. The concerns of its people have long disappeared into time. MOTIFS The heath/summer is a motif running through the novel. At times it represents hell, as Suleiman tries to avoid hell by practising running over the bridge to paradise. Other times, its glare stupefies the people and pushes them indoors, leaving only the children to jostle each other outside. The long days of summer without school also allows for Suleiman to have the freedom where he observes the adults more than usual. The sea is also another motif, the beautiful blue ocean just at the end of the road. At times Suleiman swims in it looking to be cooled and cleansed from the dirty activities he faces day-to-day. He tries to take Kareem into it to seek some solace from his grief but Kareem resists. Interestingly, it is here where he almost drowns Bahoul the beggar, exerting his power and giving into the base urges that he sees in his society SYMBOLISM The symbolism of replacing the picture of Baba with an enormous picture of the Guide in the reception room, shows loyalty to the regime and the strains on family relationships. Also showing that they have nothing to hide to show loyalty. Shows their not related to what Baba did, and the guide is now their father and father of Libya. The games played by the boys, games such as ‘My land, Your Land’ where they try to take power by gaining more land, represents the political ‘games’ of the older men around them. The squabbles and fights are also a microcosm for  the violence in the country in which they are growing up. Much is made of the power of words in this novel. In an act of resistance to the dictatorship. Nasser is seen running through Martyrs’ square after Faraj, clutching a typewriter used for producing subversive pamphlets. In another scene, Najwa and Moosa burn all Faraj’s books to save him from incrimination; however, the image of books burning is redolent of violent regimes trying to rid themselves of intellectuals who might question them. Moosa is a poet and lover of language; he is also closely tied with dissident acts. Linked to this idea, is the power of storytelling. Ironically, Najwa condemns Scheherazade for being ‘a coward who accepted slavery over death’ pg15. She berates her for not standing up to her husband, for staying to look after her children, for being thankful for her life. The irony is that Najwa appears to be restricted as Scheherazade was and she also seems to fall in love with her husband over time. To Suleiman though she is a hero; that she managed to keep telling tales without giving in to fear amazes him. Also, he is a storyteller too, as is Mama. Loyalty and Betrayal: the novel addresses the issue of loyalty. How do the characters experience loyalty and betrayal? Discuss some examples. What do you think is the main cause of some of the betrayals that occur? In chapter 5, Moosa says â€Å"its our obligation to call injustice by its name pg53† Suleiman’s mother replies â€Å"go call it by its name in your country. Here it is either silence or exile, walk by the wall or leave. Go be a hero elsewhere.† What does she mean? Who is right? How do the different characters in the novel face injustice and what are the consequences? Point of view? How does the point of view of the story affect the way that we see the injustices represented in the story? How might this be different if the narrator were an adult? Hisham Matar has much in common with Suleiman. Both left Libya where they were children, although unlike Suleiman, Matar was  accompanied by his parents. In 1990, Matar’s father was kidnapped while living in exile in Cairo and was returned to Libya, where he was tortured and imprisoned. He has not heard from him since. How does knowing the similarities between the author and protagonist affect the way you think about the novel? Role of women Do the women in Suleiman’s life have any true power, and if so, from where is it derived? How has Suleiman’s opinion of his mother changed by the time he reaches the novels closing scenes? Insight into the text What is the effect of reading about this episode in history through a child’s point of view? What clarity does it bring? In what ways do a child’s impulses muddy the truth? When the students visit Lepcis Magna, Kareem states, â€Å"Children are useless in a war.† Do you think this is true? What might the authors point of view be? What profession does Suleiman ultimately choose? Why do you think the author decided to have Suleiman choose this profession? Pg 232 He chose the profession of medicine, being a pharmacist. It reflected the influence his mother had on him with her illness and helped him to understand what it really was. Gadhafi is the most important character in the novel, despite his absence. Do you agree? The novel examines the futility of resisting oppressive power. Discuss. How does Matar use both tension and narrative point of view to engage the reader? How is tradition shown to be a powerful force in the lives of the characters in In the Country of Men? How does Matar develop a sense of time and of place in his novel? Along with confusion, pain and despair, there is a strong message of hope in Matar’s novel. To what extent do you agree? Corruption is not only isolated to the Libyan dictatorship. To what extent do you agree? In the Country of Men suggests that life demands a choice between resistance and surrender.’ Discuss In the Country of Men demonstrates that it is a man’s actions that deï ¬ ne him.’ Discuss In In the Country of Men, Matar shows more sympathy for women than for men. ’Discuss. â€Å"Why does our country long for us so savagely?† Matar’s love of his country and his fears for it permeate his novel In the Country of Men. Discuss. How does Suleiman’s view of the world change during the course of the novel? ‘Despite the horror of the political regime, this is still a novel about the power of love.’ To what extent do you agree?

Raymond Chandlers Hardboiled Prose Style

The most durable thing in writing is style, said novelist Raymond Chandler, and style is the most valuable investment a writer can make with his time. These examples of Raymond Chandlers hardboiled prose style have been drawn from the opening and closing chapters of his 1939 novel, The Big Sleep. (Note that several of Chandlers sentences have been adapted for our Exercise in Identifying Nouns.) Compare and contrast Chandlers style with that of Ernest Hemingway in the excerpt from his story In Another Country. from The Big Sleep* by Raymond Chandler Opening of Chapter One It was about eleven oclock in the morning, mid October, with the sun not shining and a look of hard wet rain in the clearness of the foothills. I was wearing my powder-blue suit, with dark blue shirt, tie and display handkerchief, black brogues, black wool socks with dark blue clocks on them. I was neat, clean, shaved, and sober, and I didnt care who knew it. I was everything the well-dressed private detective ought to be. I was calling on four million dollars. The main hallway of the Sternwood Place was two stories high. Over the entrance doors, which would have let in a troop of Indian elephants, there was a broad stained-glass panel showing a knight in dark armor rescuing a lady who was tied to a tree and didnt have any clothes on but some very long and convenient hair. The knight had pushed the vizor of his helmet back to be sociable, and he was fiddling on the ropes that tied the lady to the tree and not getting anywhere. I stood there and thought that if I lived in the house, I would sooner or later have to climb up there and help him. There were French doors at the back of the hall, beyond them a wide sweep of emerald grass to a white garage, in front of which a slim dark young chauffeur in shiny black leggings was dusting a maroon Packard convertible. Beyond the garage were some decorative trees trimmed as carefully as poodle dogs. Beyond them a large greenhouse with a domed roof. Then more trees and beyond everything the solid, uneven, comfortable line of the foothills. On the east side of the hall, a free staircase, tile-paved, rose to a gallery with a wrought-iron railing and another piece of stained-glass romance. Large hard chairs with rounded red plush seats were backed into the vacant spaces of the wall round about. They didnt look as if anybody had ever sat in them. In the middle of the west wall there was a big empty fireplace with a brass screen in four hinged panels, and over the fireplace a marble mantel with cupids at the corners. Above the mantel there was a large oil portrait, and above the portrait two bullet-torn or moth-eaten cavalry pennants crossed in a glass frame. The portrait was a stiffly posed job of an officer in full regimentals of about the time of the Mexican war. The officer had a neat black imperial, black moustachios, hot hard coal-black eyes, and the general look of a man it would pay to get along with. I thought this might be General Sternwoods grandfather. It could hardly be the General himself, even though I had he ard he was pretty far gone in years to have a couple of daughters still in the dangerous twenties. I was still staring at the hot black eyes when a door opened far back under the stairs. It wasnt the butler coming back. It was a girl. Chapter Thirty-Nine: Concluding Paragraphs I went quickly away from her down the room and out and down the tiled staircase to the front hall. I didnt see anybody when I left. I found my hat alone this time. Outside, the bright gardens had a haunted look, as though small wild eyes were watching me from behind the bushes, as though the sunshine itself had a mysterious something in its light. I got into my car and drove off down the hill. What did it matter where you lay once you were dead? In a dirty sump or in a marble tower on top of a high hill? You were dead, you were sleeping the big sleep, you were not bothered by things like that. Oil and water were the same as wind and air to you. You just slept the big sleep, not caring about the nastiness of how you died or where you fell. Me, I was part of the nastiness now. Far more a part of it than Rusty Regan was. But the old man didnt have to be. He could lie quiet in his canopied bed, with his bloodless hands folded on the sheet, waiting. His heart was a brief, uncertain murmur. His thoughts were as gray as ashes. And in a little while he too, like Rusty Regan, would be sleeping the big sleep. On the way downtown I stopped at a bar and had a couple of double Scotches. They didnt do me any good. All they did was make me think of Silver Wig, and I never saw her again.   Selected Works by Raymond Chandler The Big Sleep, novel (1939) Farewell, My Lovely, novel (1940) The High Window, novel (1942) The Lady in the Lake, novel (1943) The Simple Art of Murder, essay and short stories (1950) The Long Goodbye, novel (1954) NOTE: The sentences in our Exercise in Identifying Nouns were adapted from the sentences in the first three paragraphs of The Big Sleep by Raymond Chandler. * Raymond Chandlers The Big Sleep was originally published by Alfred A. Knopf in 1939 and republished by Vintage in 1988.

Annotated Bibliography Plagiarism - 39529 Words

Plagiarism Bibliography Buckwalter, J. A., Wright, T., Mogoanta, L. and Alman, B. (2012), Plagiarism: An assault on the integrity of scientific research. J. Orthop. Res., 30: 1867 1868. Granitz, N. and Loewy, D. (2007). Applying Ethical Theories: Interpreting and Responding to Student Plagiarism. Journal of Business Ethics, 72(3), 293-306. Luke, B. and Kearins, K. (2012), Attribution of words versus attribution of responsibilities: Academic plagiarism and university practice. Vaccine, 30(50): 7131-7133. Rushby, N. (2013), Plagiarism. British Journal of Educational Technology, 44: 3 4. Vitse, C. L. and Poland, G. A. (2012), Plagiarism, self-plagiarism, scientific misconduct, and VACCINE: Protecting the science and the public. Organization, 19(6): 881- 889. Global Health Bibliography Carabali, J. M. and Hendricks, D. (2012), Dengue and health care access: the role of social determinants of health in dengue surveillance in Colombia. Global Health Promotion, 19(4): 45-50. Deguen, S., Sà ©gala, C., Pà ©drono, G. and Mesbah, M. (2012), A New Air Quality Perception Scale for Global Assessment of Air Pollution Health Effects. Risk Analysis, 32(12): 2043-2054. Hassoun, N. (2012), Global Health Impact: A Basis For Labeling And Licensing Campaigns?. Developing World Bioethics, 12: 121 134. Mackey, T. M. and Liang, B. A. (2012), Promoting global health: utilizing WHO to integrate public health, innovation and intellectual property. Drug Discovery Today, 17(23-24): 1254 1257.Show MoreRelatedPersonal Reflection1034 Words   |  5 PagesPlagarism is not allowed in any form while working towards a doctorate degree. All NCU students have to be cognizant that improper Paraphrasing is not permitted either. At least one work in the semester is run through a software to check for plagiarism. If plagiarism is detected students will receive sanctions up to termination from school. Sometimes students unknowingly plagarize that is why it is crucial that they keep in mind all the possibilities..NCU students will be penalized as well. if they useRead MoreAcademic Research Reflection1203 Words   |  5 Pagesthat is free of plagiarism. For a researcher to complete his or her study, it requires referencing the work of others who have analyzed the variable of the topic previously. This gives insight into the problem and makes the research paper more concrete and thus provides more depth to the analysis. Hence, several universities and accredited academic institutions have developed the process of referencing books and scholarly articles of researchers. Moreover, an annotated bibliography is a referencingRead MoreThe Current Mla Format And Guidelines1511 Words   |  7 Pageslength of the research paper must be no less than 1,500-words and no more than 2,500-words. The 2,500-word limit does not apply to notes or to the annotated bibliography. In-text citations are required. 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In accordance with these criteria, theRead MoreAction Plan and Annotated Bibliography on Maintaining Academic Honesty1390 Words   |  6 PagesAnother form of academic dishonesty is plagiarism and presentation of falsified information. These examples are not exhaustive but present main issues that I need to tackle (C; Triggle D; Triggle, 2007). However, the academic institutions have systems and programs in place to deal with academic dishonesty and any individual effort will only fit within this wider context. 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Specifically, APA (2010) sections 8.11 Plagiarism, 8.12 Publication Credit and 8.13 Duplicate Publication of Data were applied via APA formatting and style in the composing of the articles. Harris and Robinson Kurpius (2014) present specific references to the APA (2010) Code of Ethics. HarrisRead MoreIntegrating Source Materials Into Research716 Words   |  3 PagesYork, NY: Graymark. Part 2: Sources for Your Research Paper  · Select two sources from your annotated bibliography that you did not use for the Week Three assignment.  · Summarize and paraphrase the contents of the two sources, with the intention of using them in your rough draft. Include at least one direct quotation from each source, and include in-text citations for all sources to avoid potential plagiarism.  · Identify how you plant to integrate these sources into your rough draft. Source 1 SummaryRead MoreThe Concept Of Reference Management As Seen The Eyes Of Author Dianne Ridley1289 Words   |  6 PagesA record of key word searches is in a way similar to writing an annotated bibliography because of the idea to elaborate on the results of the research, however the log goes deeper into collecting the keywords or phrases, dates the search was carried out and the databases or search engines used. This entire process is strenuous but also satisfying, and eliminates time wastage at a later dat e. According to the article â€Å"A bibliography is the list at the end of your dissertation or thesis of books,Read MoreThe Term Limits Movement For State Legislatures1665 Words   |  7 Pagesfor a long time, however, it is time for a change to help the entire country get more leverage in the government. Overall, term limits will benefit the public citizens of this nation, it will allow them to better trust the government. Annotated Bibliography (N.a.). Pros and Cons of Congressional Term Limits. (February, 2015). Retrieved from http://apecsec.org/pros-and-cons-of-congressional-term-limits/ This is a secondary source that explains the good and bad parts of term limits for congressmen

The Downside of Ambition Explored in Macbeth - 1245 Words

Macbeth is a play written by Shakespeare that is set in eleventh century Scotland. It details the life of the Macbeth, a brave and noble man who is described as ‘Bellona’s bridegroom’ (1.3.54), specifically the events after he meets three supernatural creatures who tell him about his fate. The reader should see Macbeth as a great man whose ambition for security leads to his downfall. Ambitions and manipulation from his wife cause him to commit Duncan’s murder, but this particular murder does not relate to Macbeth’s downfall. This man’s ambition for the crown turns into ambition for security after he becomes king, causing him to kill more to keep his unrightful kingship safe. There are a lot of supernatural occurrences in this play, but†¦show more content†¦Macbeth fears the Witches put a ‘fruitless crown [on his head] and put a barren sceptre in [his] gripe’ (3.1.62-63); he fears that he murdered the Duncan, ‘put ra ncours in the vessel of [his peace]’ (3.1.68) and gave his soul to the devil just for Banquo’s children. Out of his need for security, Macbeth decides to kill Banquo and Fleance to ensure the prophecy will not come true. The same can be applied to the planned murder of Macduff. Even though ‘none of woman born shall harm Macbeth’ (4.1.79-80), Macbeth decides to act on the earlier apparition of ‘beware Macduff’ (4.1.70) and kill Macduff because he is deemed a threat. Additionally, after the murder of Duncan, Lady Macbeth is no longer Macbeth’s ‘dearest partner of greatness’ (1.5.10) as she was before. Macbeth does not even tell her about his plan to murder Banquo; he keeps everything to himself, perhaps because he is in a world created by insecurities. The Witches’ words have a larger influence on Macbeth during the later part of the play only because they are manipulated by Macbeth to bear more meaning to him. Macbet h ‘demand[ed]’ the apparitions. The Witches did not use their powers to force Macbeth to murder, they merely show him ‘what [he] asked [of them]’ (4.1.60). Macbeth is consciously taking the three apparitions and using them to fit his plans of ridding his kingdom of threats to the crown. The Witches are not influencing Macbeth when decided to ‘give th’edge o’th’sword to

The Role of The Front Office Free Essays

A security program is most effective when all employees participate in the hotel s security efforts. Front office staff play a paticularly important role. Front desk agent, door attendants, bellpersons, and parking attendantshave the oppurtunity to observe all persons entering or departing the premises. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of The Front Office or any similar topic only for you Order Now Suspicious activities or circumstances involving a guest or visitor should be reported to the hotel s security department or a designated staff member. Several procedures front desk agents should use to protect guests and property have already been mentioned. For example, front desk agents should never give keys, room numbers, messages, or mail to anyone requesting them without first requiring appropriate identification. Similiarly, the front desk agent should not announce an arriving guest s room number. Guest s may be further proteceted if the front office prohibits staff members frrom providing guest information to callers or visitors. Generally, front desk agent should not mention guest room numbers. People calling guest s at the hotel should be directly connected to the appropriate guestroom without being informed of the room number. Conversely, someone asking for a specific room number over the telephone should never be connected until the caller identifies whom he or she is calling and the hotel employee verifies the identity of the person in the room requested. A person inquiring at the front desk about a guest may be asked to use the house phones so that they connect only to the hotel operator. The caller can then be properly screened to provideadditional security. Front office staff may also inform guest s of personal precautions they may take. For example, front desk agents may suggest that guests hide and secure any valuables left in their cars. Bellpersons accompanying the guest to a room generally provide instructions on the operation of in-room equipment. The bellpersons may also review any decals or notices in the room relating to guest security. This should always include emergency evacuation paths and procedures. The front office may provide the guests with flyers containing safety tips, such as the example shown in exhibit 6. 5. How to cite The Role of The Front Office, Essay examples

Essay Socrates Example For Students

Essay Socrates At the elderly age of seventy, Socrates found himself fighting against anindictment of impiety. He was unsuccessful at trial in the year 399 B.C. Thecharges were corrupting the youth of Athens, not believing in the traditionalgods in whom the city believed, and finally, that he believed in other newdivinities. In Platos Apology, Socrates defends himself against thesecharges. He claims that the jurors opinions are biased because they hadprobably all seen Aristophanes comedy The Clouds. The Socrates portrayed inAristophanes Clouds is an altogether different character than that of theApology. The two different impressions of Socrates lead to quite oppositeopinions with regard to his guilt. In The Clouds, Socrates actions provideevidence of his guilt on all three charges. However, in the Apology, Socrates isfairly convincing in defending his innocence on the first two charges, but fallsshort on the third charge. Socrates, in The Clouds, is portrayed as an idiot whothinks hes walking on a ir and is interested primarily in gnats rumps. Heis delineated as a natural philosopher/sophist. He is hired to teachPheidippides to make the worse argument, the argument that is reallyincorrect and unjust the betterto his fathers creditors so thatStrepsiades, Pheidippides father, will not have to pay his debts. While thisin itself is corrupt, it was that he changed Pheidippides from the time heentered Socrates Thinkery into a corrupt scoundrel, completely devoidof morality that was even more deplorable. At the beginning, Pheidippides is arespectful son who loves his father, but after graduating from theThinkery he is beating his father with a stick (lines 1321-1333). Socrates wasso successful in corrupting Pheidippides that he even attempts to justify hisbehavior using rhetorical techniques learned from Socrates. In response to hisfather questioning his actions he claims Yes by God; whats more, Illprove its right to do sowith unbeatable arguments. He has obviouslybeen extremely cor rupted if he could talk in this manner to his father. Notbelieving in the traditional gods, which is the second charge fits theAristophanic Socrates perfectly. Socrates explicitly frowns upon the gods whenhe exclaims, what do you mean, the gods? In the first place, godsarent legal tender here (lines 247-248). Later, when explaining theelements to Strepsiades, Socrates exclaims Zeus you say? Dont kid me!Theres no Zeus at all (lines 368-369). He is undoubtedly saying that hedoes not believe in the traditional gods. The claim that Socrates believed innew divinities, the third charge, is clearly seen when he enter (s) intocommunion with the clouds, who are our deities (lines 253-254). Socratesproves methodically how it could not be Zeus who causes phenomena such as rain,thunder, and lightening, but rather is merely the work of the Clouds. For, if itwere indeed the work of Zeus, then he would bring rain in absence of any clouds. The fact that the clouds are always present during precipitation attests totheir power as opposed to that of Zeus. As the Clouds were not traditional gods,Socrates guilt on this charge is rather evident. Even as Socrates ispresented as a blabbering fool, full of hubris, in the Clouds, an entirelydifferent perspective on this alleged sophist is given to us in the Apology. Throughout Platos works including the Clouds, Socrates himself claims not tohave any wisdom (he did not have any knowledge of arete) so he could notpossibly have been a sophist. In terms of the charges he seems to absolvehimself of the first two charges of corrupting the youth of Athens, and notbelieving in the traditional gods; though he is less convincing in his claimthat he has no allegiance to other gods. Socrates claims he could not possiblybe guilty of the first charge for several reasons. He feels the charge arisesout of anger towards him for when he applies his Socratic method whilequestioning others beliefs, it often has the effect of leaving them feelingembarrassed and ridiculed. However, Socrates maintains that his objective ismerely to ascertain the ultimate truths, a noble act for sure. In fact, Socratesbelieves that the pursuit of truth is the most important work of man. Besides,the youth following is not as a result of recruitment but rather of their ownfree will (23cl -2). And on the actual charge of corrupting the youth, whenprodded by him to give an example of these acts, none is forthcoming. Theypresent it in a general sense lacking any specific incidence. Furthermore, it isillogical for one to willingly corrupt ones companions, for if I make oneof my associates wicked I run the risk of being harmed by him so that I do sucha great evil deliberately, as you say? (25e 3-5). Socrates further arguesthat if he truly did corrupt the youth, it may explain why his studentsdid not accuse him of such, but it wouldnt account for the absence of inquiryfrom their distraught families. If those closely involved have not shown anyconcern, this is further evidence of his innocence (33 d1-34 e3). Perhaps, mosttelling is that Socrates was willing to sacrifice his life for his convictionsinstead of pleading for clemency by detracting from his views. This shows thehigh character of Socrates who holds steadfast to his beliefs under even themost trying of circumstan ces. The second charge of not believing in thetraditional gods seems to be a trumped up charge as well. Socrates tells of hismission to discern the enigmatic statement that Chairephon, his friend, hadreceived from the oracle at Delphi, stating that he is wisest among men(20e6-22e5). The temple at Delphi was a shrine to Apollo, a traditional god. Hewas impoverished and hated because of it. If Socrates did not believe in thetraditional gods, he would not have devoted his life to realize the ultimatetruths using his unsurpassed wisdom, which would thereby confirm the claim ofthe oracle at Delphi. Believing in new divinities, though, the third charge, isperhaps legitimate. Socrates claims to get a divine sign every once in a whileand says whenever it speaks it turns me away from something I am about to do,but it never encourages me to do anything (31d2-3). This goes against theprevailing notion that the gods control the behavior of mortals like puppeteersas was often espoused in Greek l ore. But rather, that gods are benevolenttowards their human subjects. Thus, Socrates seems to have conjured up a newkind of divinity, thereby making him guilty of Meletus third charge. Althoughneither depiction of Socrates is entirely accurate, they each illustrate someguilt on Socrates part. The Aristophanic Socrates is completely guilty whilethe Platonic Socrates is only guilty on one account. In both works, he probablydid not deserve to be condemned to death but more so in Platos work it seemsthat Socrates has wrongfully been put to death. For an argument can be made thatnot only was Socrates not guilty of the charges, (at least most of them), butthat his pursuit of morality and his view of the gods was invaluable to thesociety at large.

The Gilded Six Bits Critique Essay Research free essay sample

The Gilded Six Bits Critique Essay, Research Paper The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920 s and early 1930 s was a period of huge African American literary and rational activity, centered in Harlem, New York City. During this clip many authors emerged, among them Zora Neale Hurston and Richard Wright. Respectively their works The Gilded Six-Bits and Almos A Man are literary reminders of the early South. While go toing college in New York, Zora Neale Hurston became portion of the Harlem Renaissance s literati and hung out with the likes of Langston Hughes, Wallace Thurman, and Jessie Fauset. She termed the black literati the niggerati. She became good known non merely for her Hagiographas, but for her frankness, her distinguishable manner of frock, and her refusal to be ashamed of her civilization. Many critics considered her works politically na ve, and the black community was frequently angered by her representations of inkinesss, which was non straight associated with the promotion of the race. We will write a custom essay sample on The Gilded Six Bits Critique Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Richard Wright began his calling in the early mid-thirtiess printing poesy and short narratives in such magazines as Left Front, Anvil, and New Masses. Unlike Hurston, Wright was propelled to international celebrity while still in the prime of his calling. His plants were acclaimed by legion celebrated persons ; frequently comparing him to the likes of Theodore Drieser and John Steinbeck. Zora Neale Hurston s The Gilded Six-Bits duologue is written in heavy idiom. Its intent is to excite the reader about a foreign civilization and reveal elements of it. Hurston uses storytelling to carry through the potency of the idiom # 8217 ; s success. For illustration, Joe recalls his first brush with Mr. Slemmons: Ah went down to de sto tuh git a box of lye and Ah seen im standin on de corner talkin to some of de mens, and Ah come on dorsum and went scrubbin de floor, and he passed and tipped his chapeau whilst Ah was scouring the stairss. Ah thought Ah neer seen him befo. Hurston skips scenes, and allows the characters to state narratives of their experiences to uncover the unwritten tradition that at the same time complements and complicates the characters. Hurston furthers this by including folk looks in the narrative, such as, manner after awhile, do his market, and muss of flowers. Religion and other values and beliefs are revealed by metaphors and other looks. For illustration, Missy May comforts Joe s insecurity by stating God took form after a pine tree and made you baronial. This individual statement indirectly tells the reader the basic spiritual background of the characters. Wright besides writes his duologue utilizing dialect, but to a lesser grade than Hurston. This is because Wright writes less duologue between characters. Wright s Almos A Man is the narrative of a 17 twelvemonth old black young person turning up in the South. The short narrative portrays the immature male childs hankering for a gun to typify his ripening to manhood. Wright is composing of the young person desiring to get away the mundane life of the South, and their yearning for new environments and experiences. The two authors, Zora Neale Hurston and Richard Wright, though well similar in their authorship techniques were seen otherwise during their calling. While Willard huntington wrights plants were publically praised, Hurston had to wait until her deathbed to eventually go noticed.